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The cell cycle is a process in which a series of events occur in a cell that eventually results in the reproduction of two daughter cells. By traversing through the cell cycle, a cell accomplishes two main tasks: duplication of its genome and division into two cells. The cell cycle is subjected to regulation by environmental cues, such as the availability of nutrients (growth factors or mitogens), and can be halted if damages to the DNA are detected to allow sufficient time for repairing the damaged DNA.
The cell cycle has four sequential phases. The most important phases are S phase, when DNA replication occurs, and M phase, when the cell divides into two daughter cells. Separating S and M phase are two gap phases referred to as G1 and G2. G1 follows on from mitosis and is a time when the cell is sensitive to positive and negative cues from growth signaling networks. G2 is the gap after S phase when the cell prepares for entry into mitosis. G0 represents a state when cells have reversibly withdrawn from the cell division cycle in response to high cell density or mitogen deprivation. Alternatively, cells could irreversibly withdraw from the cell cycle into terminally differentiated or senescent out-of-cycle states. Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family of serine/threonine kinases and their regulatory partners the cyclins. Cyclin D-CDK4, cyclin D-CDK6 and cyclin E-CDK2 drive G1 progression through the restriction point, which commits the cell to complete the cycle. S phase is initiated by cyclin A-CDK2, and cyclin B-CDK1 regulates progression through G2 and entry into mitosis.
Figure 1. The cell cycle.
The cell cycle is the major process leading to cellular proliferation. Nevertheless, there is a close link between cell proliferation and cell death. During the past several decades, a number of examples of a link between aberrant regulation of the cell cycle and/or cell death and the onset of disease have emerged. Now, many disorders can be attributed, directly or indirectly, to defective mechanisms of regulation of these important biological processes. Such disorders include conditions characterized by both extensive cell accumulation because of impaired cell turnover/eradication and excessive cell loss due to inappropriately triggered cell death. These diseases include neurodegenerative, autoimmune, cardiovascular, hematological, metabolic and development-associated disorders, malignant and premalignant disease, ischemic injury, atherosclerosis and bacterial and viral infections.
The cell cycle engine is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target in cancer because it lies downstream at the convergence point of complex oncogenic signaling networks and its deregulation is central to the aberrant cell proliferation that characterizes all cancers. In addition, structurally and mechanistically, many of its components are evolutionarily conserved and thus clinical applications are likely to be suited to diverse tumor types. This is in stark contrast to the targeting of cancer-specific mutations. With pathologists traditionally placed at the interface of basic and clinical sciences, the study of candidate cell cycle biomarkers in human tissues with linked clinical outcome measures provides an important bridge to translate fundamental discoveries in the cell cycle field into front-line diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Creative Biogene is able to offer a variety of cell cycle signaling pathway related products including stable cell lines, viral particles and clones for your drug discovery projects.
Cell Cycle Signaling Pathway Product Panel
| ABL1 | CCNB1 | CCND1 | CCND3 | CDK2 | CDK6 |
| CDKN1A | CDKN1B | CDKN1C | CDKN2A | CDKN2B | CDKN2C |
| CHEK2 | E2F4 | EP300 | GADD45A | GADD45B | GSK3B |
| HDAC1 | HDAC2 | MDM2 | MYC | PTTG1 | RB1 |
| SFN | SMAD2 | SMAD3 | SMC1B | TGFB1 | TP53 |
| YWHAG |
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