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Vaccination stands as the primary strategy for disease prevention, and adjuvants play a pivotal role in enhancing vaccine efficacy. Diverse mechanisms underlie different types of oil adjuvants used in vaccine formulations. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, exemplified by Freund's adjuvant, create a depot effect at the injection site, ensuring prolonged antigen exposure for immune cell recruitment and processing. Conversely, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion adjuvants like MF59 promote immune cell recruitment and differentiation without forming an antigen depot.
Creative Biogene, as a leading biotechnology company, leverages advanced technology and expertise to provide high-quality oil adjuvant products. Our oil adjuvants elicit innate immune responses, improving adaptive responses and influencing immune balance, making them valuable tools in vaccine research and development. Explore our oil adjuvants collection to find optimal solutions for your vaccine formulations.
Key Features of Our Oil Adjuvant
In the field of vaccine development, adjuvants serve as crucial auxiliary components, representing an effective strategy to enhance vaccine efficacy by augmenting immunogenicity. Water-in-Oil (W/O) emulsion, exemplified by Freund's adjuvant, comprises water droplets dispersed in a continuous oil phase. The antigen, trapped within the water phase, is gradually released upon oil breakdown post-injection. This prolonged effect at the injection site extends the time for immune cell recruitment and antigen processing by shielding the antigen from phagocytosis and rapid liver clearance. Initially developed by Jules Freund in the early 20th century, FCA comprises inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial cell wall components and mineral oil. Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA), an improved version of FCA, eliminates the Mycobacterium tuberculosis components while retaining the mineral oil. Squalene, a natural organic compound found in plant and shark liver oils, is commonly employed as an oil adjuvant. These oil adjuvants play a pivotal role in vaccine development and laboratory research by enhancing immunogenicity, fostering robust immune responses, and improving vaccine efficacy: Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) in early research for robust immune responses, Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) in mid-stages for moderate immunostimulation, and Squalene in later phases, enhancing efficacy and immunogenicity in influenza vaccine development.
Case Study 1
Squalene, a cholesterol precursor, nonspecifically activates the immune system. Researchers used this oil adjuvant, specifically Squalene, in intradermal injections for arthritis-prone DA rats. The injections induced joint-specific inflammation, bone and cartilage erosion, and αβ T cell infiltration. Depleting these cells with anti-αβ TcR monoclonal antibody led to full recovery. CD4 T cell dependence suggested MHC involvement, confirmed in studies of MHC congenic rat strains. Non-MHC genes also influenced susceptibility, observed in arthritis-resistant rats. This discovery suggests that an autoadjuvant can trigger chronic, immune-mediated joint inflammation, shedding light on rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis and raising questions about the role of endogenous adjuvant-like molecules in chronic inflammatory diseases.
Figure 1. Oil Adjuvant was utilized by the researchers to elucidate microscopic changes in arthritic joints of DA rats 20 days post-squalene induction, revealing pannus infiltration, αβ+ T cell involvement, and notable fibrin deposition and chondrolysis in the joint space. (Carlson BC, et al., 2000)
Case Study 2
Melatonin (MLT) is pivotal in regulating innate and adaptive immunity; any disruption in its control can impact autoimmune disease presentations. Researchers investigated exogenous MLT's influence on autoimmune thyroiditis in CBA and C57BL/6 mice immunized with thyroglobulin. MLT intensified thyroiditis and splenocyte proliferation in CBA mice, while MLT in C57BL/6 mice enhanced splenocyte proliferation without affecting thyroid function or histopathology. Thyroglobulin was emulsified with Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant, indicating a deliberate strategy to boost immune response. This study highlights MLT's role in shaping autoimmune thyroiditis progression via T cell-driven immunity.
Figure 2. Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant was utilized by the researchers in the immunization and treatment protocol to boost the immune response. (Lin JD, et al., 2019)
Q: Why choose oil adjuvants in vaccine development?
A: Oil adjuvants serve as effective auxiliary components, enhancing vaccine efficacy by improving immunogenicity, activating immune cells, and altering immune response types, making them more comprehensive and enduring.
Q: How to choose the appropriate oil adjuvant for specific vaccine development?
A: (1) Consideration of Vaccine Type: Different vaccine types may respond better to specific types of oil adjuvants. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, forming an antigen depot post-injection, are suitable for some vaccines. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, promoting immune cell recruitment, may be more suitable for others.
(2) Consideration of Immune Response Type: Different oil adjuvants may yield different effects in immune responses. Selection should be based on the desired immune effect, selectively stimulating cell-mediated or humoral immune responses.
(3) Consideration of Production and Application: Cost-effectiveness, stability, and ease of application are crucial factors in the selection process. A comprehensive consideration of these factors ensures convenient production and application.
(4) Importance of Safety: The safety of oil adjuvants is paramount. Evaluation of safety must be conducted, ensuring compliance with relevant regulatory standards to minimize potential side effects.
(5) Early Research and Experiments: Preliminary research and experiments are necessary before making a final choice. Evaluate the effects of different oil adjuvants on specific vaccine candidates through experiments to determine the most suitable option.
Q: Are there specific vaccine types suitable for oil adjuvants?
A: Oil adjuvants are generally applicable to various vaccine types, including preventive vaccines for viruses, bacteria, and other diseases. They play crucial roles in different stages of vaccine development.
Q: What are the quality control measures for oil adjuvants?
A: Stringent quality control measures are implemented throughout the production process to ensure the purity, stability, and reliability of oil adjuvant products. This involves multiple quality checks from raw material selection to production stages.
Q: Are there customization services for the formulation of oil adjuvants in vaccine research?
A: Yes, Creative Biogene offers professional technical support and customization services to meet researchers' specific vaccine formulation needs, ensuring the smooth achievement of research objectives.
| Cat.No. | Product Name | Price |
|---|---|---|
| VAR-001 | Freund's Complete Adjuvant | Inquiry |
| VAR-002 | Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant | Inquiry |
| VAR-003 | Squalene | Inquiry |
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