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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses that cause human diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) which leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2, also known as ACE2, is an exopeptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin 1-9, and angiotensin II into the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. ACE2 receptor may play roles in the regulation of renal and cardiovascular function, as well as fertility. It is mainly expressed in vascular endothelial cells of the heart and the kidneys. Studies show that ACE2 receptor is the entry point into human cells for some coronaviruses, including the SARS virus and SARS-CoV-2 (previously known as 2019-nCoV).
Creative Biogene has developed ACE2 overexpressing stable cell lines that have been verified and can be used for studying and in vitro screening of potential drugs to treat diseases caused by these coronaviruses.
Key Features of Our Immune Checkpoint Stable Cell Lines:
Human coronavirus (CoV) is a new type of virus (order Nidovirales) discovered in the mid-1960s, taxonomically belonging to the family Coronaviridae and subfamily Coronavirinae. Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface and are divided into four main groups based on their genetics, namely alpha, beta, gamma and delta coronaviruses. Viral proteins utilize different host cell receptors to recognize host cells, such as integrins, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), sialic acid receptors, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). These cellular receptors are involved in virus recognition and entry into host cells. Therefore, understanding how viruses bind to host cell receptors is critical for the development of antiviral treatments and vaccines. An important area of research involves the development of stable cell lines expressing receptors used by viruses to enter host cells.
Figure 1. ACE2 mediated SARS-CoV infection
Applications for coronavirus receptor stable cell lines include:
Case Study 1
Researchers report the discovery of Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN2 through a phenotypic screen. This molecule acts early in the viral replication cycle by targeting cathepsin L. Due to its cell-specific activity, this compound is a valuable research tool for studying the entry and replication mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses.
Figure 1. Antiviral activity of Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN2 against SARS-CoV-1 (black, full circles) in A549-hACE2 and against HCoV-229E (black, empty squares) in HeLa-hACE2. (HeLa-hACE2 cells were purchased from Creative Biogene). (Doijen J, et al., 2023)
Case Study 2
The researchers performed metal-free atomistic simulations of phthalocyanine and atomistic and coarse-grained simulations of hypericin around a complete model of Spike embedded in the viral membrane, allowing further exploration of their multi-target inhibitory potential, revealing their association with key protein functional regions and their propensity for membrane insertion. According to calculations, pretreatment of pseudoviruses expressing the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with low concentrations of the compound produced a strong inhibition of their entry into cells, suggesting that the activity of these molecules should involve direct targeting of the viral envelope surface. To support the obtained computational results and validate the efficacy of phthalocyanine and hypericin in blocking virus fusion, experimental tests have also been carried out using an in vitro model of infection of a HEK293T/ACE2 cellular line with a Pseudotyped Luciferase Lentivirus, expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein on its envelope surface.
Figure 2. ROS Measures performed after HEK293T-ACE2 cells incubation with a solution of DCF at 37 ℃ for 1 h in the dark. (HEK293T/ACE2 cells were purchased from Creative Biogene). (Romeo A, et al., 2023)
Q: What is ACE2?
A: ACE2, also known as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, is an enzyme involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
Q: In which tissues are ACE2 receptors found?
A: ACE2 receptors are present on the surface of cells in various tissues, such as the respiratory system, heart, kidney, and intestines.
Q: What is the role of the ACE2 in viral entry?
A: The role of ACE2 in viral entry is crucial as it is the primary receptor utilized by SARS-CoV-2 to infect respiratory cells, particularly in the lining of the lungs. The interaction between the virus and ACE2 is a key step in the initiation of infection and subsequent viral replication, leading to the development of COVID-19 symptoms.
Q: What are ACE2 stable cell lines?
A: ACE2 stable cell lines are created by introducing the ACE2 gene into a cell line and allowing it to integrate into the genome permanently. This enables researchers to study ACE2's expression, regulation, and response to various stimuli in a controlled environment.
Q: How can ACE2 stable cell lines be used in anti-viral drug screening?
A: ACE2 stable cell lines can be used to test and screen potential anti-viral drugs or compounds that can inhibit the interaction between SARS-CoV-2's spike protein and ACE2, potentially leading to the development of new treatments against COVID-19.
| Cat.No. | Product Name | Price |
|---|---|---|
| CSC-RO0289 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - HeLa | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0290 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - COS-7 | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0291 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - NIH3T3 | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0292 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - HEK293 | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0293 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - CHO-K1 | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0641 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - HEK293T | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0642 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - A549 | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0643 | SARS-CoV2 S Protein Stable Cell Line - CHO-K1 | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0644 | SARS-CoV2 S Protein Stable Cell Line - HEK293 | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0645 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - Vero | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0646 | Human ACE2 Stable Cell Line - BHK | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0647 | Human ACE2-GFP Stable Cell Line - HEK293T | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0660 | Human ACE2/TMPRSS2 Stable Cell Line - HEK293T | Inquiry |
| CSC-RO0662 | Human TMPRSS2 Stable Cell Line - VeroE6 | Inquiry |
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