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The human immune system responds to conserved damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and PAMPs, respectively) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is one such PRR family. TLR signaling has been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. In addition, activation of TLRs can promote and inhibit tumor growth and cancer progression. TLR expression in cancer cells is associated with cancer progression, evasion of immune surveillance, apoptosis, and survival. Modulation of the TLR system through agonism or antagonism has the potential to alter immune and inflammatory responses. Blockade of TLRs may suppress inflammatory responses, whereas TLR agonists may promote immune responses against pathogens or cancer.
Our TLR Stable Cell Lines
Stable cell lines are important tools for drug screening, gene function studies, or protein production. Creative Biogene has proven its success in the generation and validation of stable cell lines to accelerate your novel drug discoveries and biomedical research. We offer a collection of TLR stable cell lines designed to provide a rapid, sensitive and reliable method to screen and validate TLR agonists or antagonists.
Key Features of Our TLR Stable Cell Lines
TLRs are transmembrane proteins that are differentially expressed in various tissues and cell types. Specific TLR receptors recognize different microbial ligands, namely lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, LPS, flagellin, viral and bacterial nucleic acids, etc. These ligands bind to specific TLR receptors and initiate cascade pathways that play a role in maintaining cell homeostasis, cell proliferation or apoptosis, cell differentiation, and inducing inflammatory cytokines such as interferons (IFN), interleukins, and TNF-α to eliminate pathogens.
Figure 1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathway. (Prasad S B, Kumar R., 2020)
Given their essential role in immune responses, dysregulation of TLRs can have profound implications for human health. Overactive TLR responses lead to chronic inflammation, which is associated with many diseases, including autoimmune diseases and chronic infections. Moreover, TLR overexpression has been found in colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, ovarian and cervical cancers, breast and prostate cancers, melanoma and neuroblastoma. TLR stable cell lines have revolutionized research in the fields of immunology and infectious disease. These cell lines play a critical role in understanding and studying the innate immune response to various pathogens, helping scientists develop better treatments and vaccines.
Applications for TLR stable cell lines include:
Case Study 1
Many diseases involve inflammatory processes. The bark of Cinnamomum verum and its extracts are known for their anti-inflammatory effects, but the underlying active compounds and chemical mechanisms are not fully identified. The research here illustrates how cinnamon extract, specific active compounds, and their combinations affect inflammatory signaling pathways, specifically through the Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4.
Figure 2. Dose-dependent viability and anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract in TLR2 Cell Line- HEK and TLR4 Cell Line-HEK. (Schink A, et al., 2018)
Case Study 2
Herbal extracts are rich sources of natural compounds that have the potential to improve human health. There is growing interest in the use of natural extracts as new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases. Here, researchers identified herbal extracts that influence inflammatory signaling pathways through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR2, and TLR4.
Figure 3. Extracts with TLR2 and TLR4 antagonistic effects. HEK-TLR2 cells (purple) and HEK-TLR4 cells (orange) were incubated with different concentrations of extract or vehicle (70% ethanol), and then HEK-TLR2 cells were stimulated with Pam2CSK4, or HEK-TLR4 cells with LPS-EB Ultrapure. Viability was measured using Alamar Blue Assay and normalized to negative control (untreated cells). TLR2 and TLR4 receptor stimulation was measured using SEAP production and normalized to ethanol-treated cells. (Schink A, et al., 2018)
Q: What are TLRs?
A: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of proteins that are primarily found on the surface of immune cells. They play a critical role in recognizing and responding to pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and other microbes.
Q: How many Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are currently known in humans?
A: There are currently ten known TLRs in humans, each specialized in detecting specific components of pathogens, also known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Q: What is the primary role of TLRs in the immune system?
A: TLRs are primarily associated with innate immunity, which is the first line of defense against pathogen invasion. By recognizing a wide range of pathogens, TLRs can respond rapidly to infection, activating the immune system within minutes to hours. Additionally, studies have shown that TLRs also influence adaptive immunity. TLRs have been found to alter the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, which are critical for activating adaptive immune responses. By stimulating APCs, TLRs help initiate and regulate antigen-specific immune responses.
Q: What role do TLR stable cell lines play in the discovery and development of immunomodulatory drugs?
A: Modulation of immune responses using TLR agonists or antagonists holds great promise in treating a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. By using TLR stable cell lines, researchers can screen potential drug candidates and evaluate their ability to modulate TLR signaling pathways.
| Cat.No. | Product Name | Price |
|---|---|---|
| CSC-SC015999 | Panoply™ Human TLR1 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
| CSC-SC016000 | Panoply™ Human TLR10 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
| CSC-SC016001 | Panoply™ Human TLR2 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
| CSC-SC016002 | Panoply™ Human TLR3 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
| CSC-SC016003 | Panoply™ Human TLR4 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
| CSC-SC016004 | Panoply™ Human TLR5 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
| CSC-SC016005 | Panoply™ Human TLR6 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
| CSC-SC016007 | Panoply™ Human TLR8 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
| CSC-SC016008 | Panoply™ Human TLR9 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line | Inquiry |
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