Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded linear DNA genome of approximately 4.7 kb that requires a helper virus for replication. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors provide stable long-term expression and low immunogenicity. However, AAV vector transduction involves multiple steps, including cell binding, intracellular trafficking, capsid uncoating, and second-strand synthesis. Any of these steps may limit transgene expression. In particular, second-strand synthesis has been widely demonstrated to be the rate-limiting step for efficient transgene expression from AAV vectors. Temporary genomic instability following double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) turnover results in significant loss of gene expression. Furthermore, failure to complete second-strand synthesis in a timely manner results in single-stranded AAV (ssAAV) genome loss.
To address these limitations, self-complementary AAV (scAAV) vectors were developed. scAAV vectors skip the second-strand synthesis step and increase in vitro transduction efficiency by 5- to 140-fold compared to traditional ssAAV vectors. In animal models, scAAV vectors demonstrated rapid onset of action and higher transgene expression in the liver, muscle, brain, and central nervous system. Unlike ssAAV vectors, scAAV expression is independent of second-strand synthesis. The aphidicolin and hydroxyurea DNA replication inhibitors do not affect scAAV vector transduction.
Primary sensory axons in adult mammals fail to regenerate after spinal cord injury (SCI), in part due to insufficient intrinsic growth potential. Previous studies have shown that constitutive activation of B-RAF (rapidly accelerating fibrosarcoma kinase) significantly promotes axonal regeneration after dorsal root and optic nerve injury. The regrowth was further enhanced by complementary deletion of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog). Here, researchers examined whether simultaneous activation of B-RAF and deletion of PTEN would promote dorsal column axon regeneration after SCI. Notably, selective genetic targeting of B-RAF and PTEN in DRG neurons in adult mice enables many DC axons to enter, cross, and grow beyond the lesion site after SCI. Co-targeting of B-RAF and PTEN promotes more robust DC regeneration compared to preconditioned lesions, thus enhancing regeneration triggered by B-RAF/PTEN. Furthermore, post-injury targeting of B-RAF and PTEN enhances DC axon regeneration. These results demonstrate that simultaneous targeting of B-RAF and PTEN effectively enhances the intrinsic growth potential of dendrites after spinal cord injury and may therefore contribute to the development of a new strategy to promote robust long-distance regeneration of primary sensory axons.
Here, researchers injected scAAV2-Cre into L4 and L5 DRGs immediately after SCI in TdTom+/+ control and kaBRAF/PTEN/TdTom+/+ mice (Figure 1A). Lesion areas in TdTom+/+ controls were 0.056–0.120 mm2, while lesions in kaBRAF/PTEN/TdTom+/+ mice were 0.067–0.168 mm2 (Figure 1B). Quantification of lesion size showed no difference in lesion area between TdTom+/+ and kaBRAF/PTEN/TdTom+/+ groups (Figure 1B). Three weeks after SCI in TdTom+/+ mice, most DC axons terminated at the astrocyte border caudal to the injury site. DC axons were rarely observed in the lesion epicenter (Figure 1C-C'). The studies here demonstrate that scAAV2-Cre predominantly labels large-diameter sensory neurons and that simultaneous B-RAF- and PTEN-targeted treatment immediately after SCI enhances DC axon regeneration, albeit at a weaker level compared with animals transduced 2 weeks before injury (Figure 1C–E).
Figure 1. Co-targeting of B-RAF and PTEN immediately after SCI promotes DC axon regeneration. (Noristani H N, et al., 2022)
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Reliable Results
We have used the scAAV2-Cre vector in numerous in vivo and in vitro studies, and it has consistently delivered reliable results.
United Kingdom
01/01/2020
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