The lentiviral vector was originally derived from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which belongs to the Retroviridae family and the genus Lentivirus. It is an enveloped RNA virus. The first-generation lentiviral vector is a two-plasmid system that retains most of the components of wild-type HIV. Although it is a replication-deficient virus, the possibility of producing replication-competent HIV virus is relatively high. The second-generation lentiviral vector was changed to a three-plasmid system, which reduced the accidental recombination rate of the virus and improved safety. In addition, the original HIV-1 envelope protein was replaced with other envelope proteins, such as the glycoprotein from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G), to expand the infection range of the lentivirus. Subsequent generations of lentiviral vectors have adopted continuous optimization and improvement to improve their titer and safety. The third-generation lentiviral vector removes more unnecessary viral sequences, such as auxiliary proteins vif, vpr, vpu and nef, so that the viral RNA cannot be effectively transcribed, and the probability of intentional extracorporeal recombination is lower. The fourth-generation lentiviral vector is upgraded to a four-plasmid system, and the tat sequence is removed at the same time. The probability of producing replicative viruses due to intentional extracorporeal recombination is further reduced, and safety is further improved.
As a gene vector, lentivirus has the ability to transduce dividing and non-dividing cells, can perform high-efficiency gene transduction on primary cells and cell lines, can package and transduce up to 11kb of transgenes and can effectively integrate into the cell genome. Due to its wide range of infection and high transduction rate, lentivirus has become a commonly used gene delivery tool vector in the field of scientific research. In the clinical application of cell gene therapy, lentiviral vectors have become one of the main vectors for in vitro cell gene therapy. Its indications currently mainly include monogenic genetic diseases and cancer. Currently, there are hundreds of gene therapy clinical trial projects that are using lentiviral vectors to perform in vitro gene modification on cells. Among them, CAR-T drugs have become the representative of lentivirus-related gene therapy drugs, and many CAR-T drugs have been approved for marketing around the world.
In glioblastoma (GBM), the impact of an altered glycocalyx remains largely unexplored. Sialic acid, the terminal moiety of cell-coating glycans, is essential for cell-cell contacts. However, sialic acid turnover in glioma and its impact on tumor networks remain unknown. Here, visualization and quantitative analysis of newly synthesized sialic acid revealed a high incidence of de novo sialylation in GBM cells. Sialyltransferases and sialidases are highly expressed in GBM, suggesting that extensive turnover of sialic acid is associated with GBM pathology. Inhibition of sialic acid biosynthesis or desialylation affects tumor growth patterns and leads to altered network connectivity in glioblastoma cells.
Here, the researchers quantified gap junction-mediated cytosolic traffic within tumor networks by real-time imaging of fluorescence-guided cell-to-cell transfer of calcein—a fluorescent molecule that is only able to spread from cell-to-cell through intercellular gap junctions, workflow is depicted in Figure 1A. For MFA treatment, researchers observed a significant decrease in calcein receptor cells up to 150 min later (Figures 1B, C). Based on these findings of MFA-mediated functional inhibition of intercellular cytoplasmic exchange through gap junctions, calcium imaging was performed in glioblastoma cells transduced with the LV-CAG-GCaMP6f virus (Figure 1D). The researchers used 100 µM glutamate stimulation for 10 minutes to analyze network communication in tumor cells. After 5 min of recording, MFA was added, and the results showed a reduction in calcium signaling after MFA treatment (Figure 1E). Glioblastoma networks exhibited properties similar to neuronal networks, with bursts of synchronized activity, with all cells participating in network oscillations (Figure 1E).
Figure 1. Meclofenamate causes functional decoupling of glioblastoma cells. (Schneider M, et al., 2021)
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GCaMP6f’s sensitivity is outstanding! Compared to other calcium indicators, this product provided clearer activity traces with minimal background noise.
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