TYK2 or tyrosine kinase 2 is an important enzyme that plays a key role in the signaling pathways of the immune system. TYK2 is essential for the proper functioning of various cytokine receptors, including interferons (IFNs), interleukins (ILs), and growth factor receptors. Specifically, it associates with receptors such as interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR), interleukin-12 receptor (IL-12R), and interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R). Through these associations, TYK2 regulates key biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses. This makes it a key mediator in both innate and adaptive immunity.
Given its important role in immunity and cell signaling, dysregulated TYK2 activity has been implicated in a variety of diseases. Overactive TYK2 signaling may contribute to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and psoriasis, which result in excessive or misguided immune responses. Conversely, insufficient TYK2 activity can lead to immune deficiency, making individuals more susceptible to infection. The importance of TYK2 also extends to therapeutic potential. Researchers are actively exploring TYK2 inhibitors as potential treatments for autoimmune diseases and certain cancers. By specifically targeting TYK2 and modulating its activity, these therapies aim to restore balance to the immune system without broadly suppressing immune function, thereby reducing potential side effects.
Deciphering the complex dynamic events that control type I interferon (IFN) signaling is critical to uncovering key regulatory mechanisms in host antiviral defense. Here, researchers used TurboID-based proximity tagging combined with affinity purification mass spectrometry to comprehensively map the proximal human proteome of all seven canonical type I IFN signaling cascade members under basal and IFN-stimulated conditions. This revealed 103 high-confidence protein networks tightly associated with core members IFNAR1, IFNAR2, JAK1, TYK2, STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, and validated several known constitutive protein assemblies, while also revealing novel stimulus-dependent and stimulus-independent associations between key signaling molecules. Mechanistically, PJA2 interacts with TYK2 and JAK1, promotes their non-degradative ubiquitination, and limits activating phosphorylation of TYK2, thereby inhibiting downstream STAT signaling. These high-resolution proximal protein maps provide global insights into the type I IFN signaling network and serve as a valuable resource for future exploration of its functional complexity.
TYK2 has been previously shown to stabilize IFNAR1 on the surface of unstimulated cells by preventing its internalization and turnover through endocytosis. In this study, the researchers used a HEK293T-based TYK2 KO cell line to confirm that the lack of TYK2 reduced the total level of IFNAR1 (Figure 1c). In addition, re-expression of TYK2 partially restored IFNAR1 protein levels, but further expression of PJA2-WT could not reverse this phenomenon (Figure 1c, d), indicating that PJA2-promoted TYK2 ubiquitination does not interfere with TYK2's ability to stabilize IFNAR1 levels.
Figure 1. c NE (non-edited) HEK293T cell clones or TYK2 KO (knockout) cell clones were transfected with the indicated plasmids, and total cell lysates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. d Quantification of IFNAR1 protein expression normalized to β-actin protein expression and made relative to one NE control clone in replicates of panel (c). (Schiefer, Samira, and Benjamin G. Hale. 2024)
The 293T human embryonic kidney cell-based TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) knockout cell line provides a versatile tool for studying a variety of biological processes and disease mechanisms. Here are some important applications:
Drug screening: The TYK2 knockout cell line 293T can be an important tool for high-throughput drug screening. By eliminating the TYK2 kinase, researchers can identify compounds that selectively inhibit or reactivate pathways that depend on this enzyme. This is particularly valuable for developing targeted therapies for autoimmune diseases and certain cancers that are associated with TYK2.
Functional studies: This cell line can be used to perform in-depth functional studies of the TYK2 protein. By comparing TYK2 knockout 293T cells to wild-type, researchers can reveal the specific role of TYK2 in various signaling pathways, including its involvement in cytokine signaling and immune responses.
Pathway analysis: The TYK2 knockout 293T cell line provides a simplified model for studying downstream effectors and pathways activated by TYK2. This helps map the complete signaling cascade and understand the broader impact of TYK2 interactions and functions on cellular processes.
Genetic interaction studies: Using TYK2 knockout 293T cells, scientists can study genetic interactions and compensation of other kinases or proteins.
Customer Q&As
What is the recommended growth medium? Does it require antibiotic selection?
A: DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.
It is not required to add the selection antibiotics when culturing the KO cells.
How is the knockout cell line validated?
A: The knockout cell product is validated by PCR amplification and Sanger Sequencing to confirm the mutation at the genomic level. Please find the detailed mutation info in the datasheet.
Is the product a single clonal cell or mixed cell pool?
A: Single clonal cell.
Can I confirm gene knockout by RT-qPCR?
A: No. This knockout cell product is generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to induce small insertions or deletions (indels) resulting in frameshift mutations. Although these frameshift mutations typically disrupt the coding gene, there is a possibility that the non-functional transcript may still be transcribed. Consequently, this could potentially yield misleading results when analyzed by RT-qPCR.
How can I store the cell product?
A: The cell line should be stored in liquid nitrogen for long-term preservation.
Is it possible to get multiple knockout clones for my GOI?
A: For most cases, we often keep at least 2 clones with different frameshift mutations. Please feel free to contact us to check if there are additional available clones.
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