Glutamine synthetase (GS):
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine, an essential amino acid. Although GS is primarily recognized for its role in nitrogen metabolism, emerging evidence suggests that GS also affects apoptotic pathways. Changes in glutamine levels regulated by GS affect the redox state and bioenergetics of the cell, indirectly regulating stress responses and apoptosis. Elevated GS activity is associated with cell survival and resistance to apoptosis under specific physiological and pathological conditions, including certain cancers.
Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax):
Bax is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family that plays a key role in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Upon receipt of pro-apoptotic signals, Bax undergoes conformational changes and translocates to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Here, it oligomerizes to form pores that facilitate the release of cytochrome c and other apoptotic factors into the cytosol. This release triggers the activation of the apoptotic executioner caspases. The activity of Bax is tightly regulated by various other Bcl-2 family proteins, such as the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, which inhibit its pro-apoptotic function, thus maintaining the balance between cell survival and death.
BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 (Bak1):
Bak1 is another pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family that shares significant functional and structural similarities with Bax. It is also localized to the mitochondrial membrane and promotes cytochrome c release via pore formation upon activation. Unlike Bax, which is primarily in the cytoplasm until activated, Bak1 is primarily anchored in the mitochondrial membrane even in healthy cells, suggesting a poised state, ready to respond rapidly to apoptotic signals. This localization allows Bak1 to rapidly amplify apoptotic signals once initiated.
GS/Bax/Bak1 knockout cell lines derived from CHO-K1 cells are powerful tools in various fields of biomedical research and biotechnology. The simultaneous knockout of the GS (glutamine synthetase), Bax (Bcl-2 associated X protein), and Bak1 (Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer 1) genes in these cells opens up a wide range of applications:
Protein production: The CHO-K1 cell line with GS, Bax, and Bak1 knockout is used for high-yield protein production in biopharmaceuticals. Due to its stability in culture and enhanced survival, this engineered cell line is optimized for industrial-scale production of therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and other recombinant proteins.
Apoptosis research: This cell line is essential for apoptosis research, especially pathways involving Bax and Bak1. By knocking out these genes, researchers can study alternative apoptotic mechanisms and the role of these proteins in cell death, thus aiding the study of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Drug Screening: It provides a reliable model for high-throughput screening of drugs and compounds that target apoptotic pathways or are designed to enhance cell viability.
Gene Function Studies: Researchers can use this knockout cell line to study gene functions and interactions. Specifically, the roles of GS, Bax, and Bak1 in cellular metabolism, stress response, and survival mechanisms can be explored without interference from these genes.
Metabolic Engineering: By understanding and manipulating metabolic pathways, the production of desired biomolecules can be increased, making the process more efficient and cost-effective for industrial applications.
Viral Production: This cell line is also used to produce viral vectors for gene therapy. The modified apoptotic pathway ensures a higher yield of viral particles, as the cells are less likely to die during the production phase, thereby increasing the efficiency of gene therapy vector manufacturing.
Customer Q&As
How is the knockout cell line validated?
A: The knockout cell product is validated by PCR amplification and Sanger Sequencing to confirm the mutation at the genomic level. Please find the detailed mutation info in the datasheet.
Is the product a single clonal cell or mixed cell pool?
A: Single clonal cell.
Can I confirm gene knockout by RT-qPCR?
A: No. This knockout cell product is generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to induce small insertions or deletions (indels) resulting in frameshift mutations. Although these frameshift mutations typically disrupt the coding gene, there is a possibility that the non-functional transcript may still be transcribed. Consequently, this could potentially yield misleading results when analyzed by RT-qPCR.
How can I store the cell product?
A: The cell line should be stored in liquid nitrogen for long-term preservation.
Is it possible to get multiple knockout clones for my GOI?
A: For most cases, we often keep at least 2 clones with different frameshift mutations. Please feel free to contact us to check if there are additional available clones.
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Customer Reviews
Impressed
I am thoroughly impressed with the performance of GS/Bax/Bak1 Knockout Cell Line-CHO-K1. Its exceptional knockout efficiency has allowed me to generate reliable knockout models and delve deeper into the functional role of specific genes.
United Kingdom
08/15/2021
Solid foundation
Using GS/Bax/Bak1 Knockout Cell Line-CHO-K1 has been a with outstanding competence helper in my research. Its reliable and reproducible knockout results have provided me with a solid foundation for studying gene function and unraveling complex biological pathways.
User-friendly interface and high knockout efficiency
GS/Bax/Bak1 Knockout Cell Line-CHO-K1 has simplified the gene editing process and saved me valuable time and resources. Its user-friendly interface and high knockout efficiency have made gene manipulation experiments more efficient and successful.
Efficient knockout capabilities
I cannot emphasize enough how invaluable GS/Bax/Bak1 Knockout Cell Line-CHO-K1 has been in my studies. Its consistent and efficient knockout capabilities have opened up new avenues of investigation and propelled my research forward.
Outstanding performance
I wholeheartedly recommend GS/Bax/Bak1 Knockout Cell Line-CHO-K1 to researchers seeking a reliable and effective tool for gene editing. Its outstanding performance, ease of use, and consistent knockout outcomes have greatly enhanced the quality and impact of my research.
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