CAG-ChIEF-tdTOMATO AAV (serotype 1) is a viral vector used primarily in the field of neuroscience to manipulate and visualize neuronal activity. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are a common tool for delivering genetic material into cells because they have relatively low immunogenicity and are able to transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells. AAV serotype 1 is known for its strong tropism for neurons, making it a top choice for central nervous system applications.
The CAG promoter consists of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early enhancer and the chicken β-actin promoter. The CAG promoter ensures high levels of transgene expression in a variety of cell types. Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinoic acid subunit proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first channelrhodopsins discovered. Variants that are sensitive to different colors of light or selective for specific ions (ACR, KCR) have been cloned from other algae and protists. ChIEFs are chimeras and point mutants of ChR1 and ChR2 that exhibit large photocurrents, little desensitization, and similar kinetics to wild-type ChR2. ChIEFs are engineered to have faster kinetics and higher expression efficiency, making them ideal for optogenetic applications that require precise control of neuronal activity. tdTOMATO is a red fluorescent protein that can be used to visualize transduced cells. This fluorescence allows researchers to easily identify and track cells that have been manipulated, facilitating real-time studies of neural networks and cellular function.
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (h-iPSCs)-derived engineered cardiac tissues are immature, limiting their ability to regenerate damaged myocardium and serve as a reliable in vitro model for human disease and drug toxicity studies. Here, researchers designed proof-of-principle experiments to successfully transfect desensitization-resistant chimeric channelrhodopsin proteins into h-iPSCs-derived engineered cardiac tissues, and then subjected the engineered cardiac tissues to optical pacing to accelerate maturation. The researchers transfected h-iPSC engineered cardiac tissues with adeno-associated virus-packaged chimeric channelrhodopsin and then validated optical pacing by whole-cell patch clamp. The engineered cardiac tissues were then subjected to chronic optical pacing in vitro from days 7 to 14 at rates above their intrinsic heart rate. Chronically optically paced resulted in improved electrophysiological properties of the engineered cardiac tissues and subtle changes in the expression of some cardiac-related genes, but no changes in active force production and histology. These results validate the feasibility of a novel chronic optical pacing paradigm to explore non-invasive and scalable strategies for optical pacing-induced maturation of engineered cardiac tissues.
After preliminary trials with several AAV constructs and transfection doses, the researchers transfected differentiated h-iPSC-derived cardiac cells with AAV1/2-CAG-ChIEF-tdTomato virus at an MOI of 500 by adding the virus directly to the cell/matrix mixture at the time of ECT formation. All transfected cells expressed the tdTomato reporter, and this MOI did not alter the percentage of CMs within h-iPSC ECTs, and the mean CM fractions were similar in D14 control (n = 9) and C-OP (n = 10) ECTs. D14C-OP ECTs began beating spontaneously after 3 days in culture, similar to control ECTs (Figure 1).
Figure 1. ECT formation and chronic optical pacing (C-OP) protocol. (Dwenger M, et al., 2019)
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Significantly improved the accuracy of our experimental results
The CAG-ChIEF-tdTOMATO AAV (Serotype 1) has been instrumental in advancing our neuroscience research. Its high transduction efficiency in neuronal tissue has allowed us to achieve precise gene delivery with minimal off-target effects.
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