FAR1

Official Full Name

fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1

Organism

Homo sapiens

GeneID

84188

Background

The protein encoded by this gene is required for the reduction of fatty acids to fatty alcohols, a process that is required for the synthesis of monoesters and ether lipids. NADPH is required as a cofactor in this reaction, and 16-18 carbon saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are the preferred substrate. This is a peroxisomal membrane protein, and studies suggest that the N-terminus contains a large catalytic domain located on the outside of the peroxisome, while the C-terminus is exposed to the matrix of the peroxisome. Studies indicate that the regulation of this protein is dependent on plasmalogen levels. Mutations in this gene have been associated with individuals affected by severe intellectual disability, early-onset epilepsy, microcephaly, congenital cataracts, growth retardation, and spasticity (PMID: 25439727). A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

Synonyms

CSPSD; PFCRD; MLSTD2; SDR10E1;

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Detailed Information

FAR1, as one of the multiple FRS family members, is a transcription factor that originates from Mutator-like element transposases. Transposases usually take charge of cutting and pasting transposable elements because they are encoded by transposable elements. Although FAR1 and its homolog FHY3 are both derived from transposase, they have exhibited a variety of powerful physiological functions for adapting to different environments. Far1 is a protein involved in the conversion of fatty acids to fatty alcohols, which is important for synthesizing monoesters and ether lipids. The FAR1 mRNA has been detected in many tissues, such as the preputial gland, the uropygial glands of birds, the head of honey bees, and the sebaceous gland of the mouse. It has been also confirmed to exist in ovary cells of hamsters, promoting the synthesis of acetal phospholipids. In addition, Far1 has also been demonstrated to play a variety of roles in multiple cellular processes, including light signal transduction, light morphogenesis, stem meristem, and flower development, and abscisic acid response, showing an important role in the growth and development of the plant.

FAR1 associated with follicular development

The development of pre-hierarchical follicles exerted a great effect on the laying performance of geese, directly influencing the growth of the poultry industry. FAR1 and TGFBRAP1 have been confirmed to be involved in follicular development by Wang et al. They found the expression of FAR1 and TGFBRAP1 were relatively higher in hierarchical follicles in comparison with pre-hierarchical follicles (P < 0.05). In addition, the level of FAR1 mRNA increased gradually in graded follicles. The proliferation and apoptosis produced in granulosa cells were detected by overexpression or knockdown technique. It is shown that the proliferation rate and apoptosis rate of follicular granulosa cells increased significantly by knocking down the level of FAR1 mRNA. On the other hand, the apoptosis rate decreased significantly after transfection of TGFBRAP1 siRNA (P < 0.05). As a result, overexpression of FAR1 and TGFBRAP1 have been demonstrated to inhibit the secretion of E2 and P4 in granulosa cells, while down-regulation of FAR1 and TGFBRAP1 can promote the secretion of E2 and P4. In conclusion, FAR1 and TGFBRAP1 regulate the apoptosis of goose follicular granulosa cells and inhibit the secretion of E2 and P4, so as to provide basic data for understanding the regulation process of goose reproduction.

FAR1 associated with regulating Arabidopsis flowering

In response to neighbors' competition for light, shade-tolerant plants bloom early to ensure reproductive success and survival. However, the molecular mechanisms related to this essential developmental switch remain unclear. Arabidopsis FHY3 and FAR1 have been investigated to study the molecular mechanism of Arabidopsis flowering by Xie et al. They showed that the flowering time under long and short sunshine conditions can be negatively regulated by FHY3 and FAR1 through the transcriptional regulation of earlyflowing, which is a key component for the central clock. In addition, FHY3 and FAR1 have been further confirmed to have participated in the regulation of the balance in growth and defense without sunshine. In conclusion, these two proteins, FHY3 and FAR1, have been reported to play a vital role in integrating light with the aging pathway mediated by the miR156-SPL module, coordinately regulating the flowering process under shade conditions.

FAR1 Figure 1. Schematic model explaining the molecular mechanism of FHY3 and FAR1 in Regulating Flowering Time (Xie et al., 2020).

References:

Wang Z, Lu L, Gu T, et al. The effects of FAR1 and TGFBRAP1 on the proliferation and apoptosis of follicular granulosa cells in goose (Anser cygnoides). Gene, 2021, 769: 145194..
Xie Y, Zhou Q, Zhao Y, et al. FHY3 and FAR1 integrate light signals with the miR156-SPL module-mediated aging pathway to regulate Arabidopsis flowering. Molecular plant, 2020, 13(3): 483-498.
Ma L, Li G. FAR1-related sequence (FRS) and FRS-related factor (FRF) family proteins in Arabidopsis growth and development. Frontiers in plant science, 2018, 9: 692

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