FADS1

Official Full Name

fatty acid desaturase 1

Organism

Homo sapiens

GeneID

3992

Background

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene family. Desaturase enzymes regulate unsaturation of fatty acids through the introduction of double bonds between defined carbons of the fatty acyl chain. FADS family members are considered fusion products composed of an N-terminal cytochrome b5-like domain and a C-terminal multiple membrane-spanning desaturase portion, both of which are characterized by conserved histidine motifs. This gene is clustered with family members FADS1 and FADS2 at 11q12-q13.1; this cluster is thought to have arisen evolutionarily from gene duplication based on its similar exon/intron organization. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Synonyms

D5D; TU12; FADS6; FADSD5; LLCDL1;

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Detailed Information

Fatty acid desaturase 1 is a key rate-limiting enzyme responsible for converting dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid (AA), and dysregulated expression of FADS1 was found in many cancers, moreover, FADS1 knockdown can not only inhibit cancer growth and migration but also sensitize the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy.

Activation of AKT/MTOR signaling pathway by FADS-1 accelerates LSCC progression

It is hard to catch hidden mechanism of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) even though dysregulated metabolism is pronounced in its whole progression. The key rate-limiting enzyme of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), demonstrates the ability of catalyzing dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid (AA) and upregulated expression in LSCC, which has close linkage with advanced clinical features and poor prognosis of the recurrent LSCC patient after chemotherapy. The greater conversion rate of DGLA to AA may be an indicator of increased activity of FADS1 or FADS1 overexpression. Similarly, there is also an elevated level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) and downstream metabolite of AA in cancerous laryngeal tissues. Bioinformatic analysis-based microarray data revealed AKT/mTOR signaling can be activated by FADS1 and its further validated by in vivo and in vitro assays. So those results underpin the viewpoint of FADS1 acting as promoter in LSCC progression and set basis of figuring out more dietary supplementation interventions targeting FADS1/AKT/mTOR pathway for LSCC treatment. PGE₂ is a downstream metabolite of arachidonic acid (AA) with high abundance in various kinds of human malignancies used to predict poor prognosis, and activate its downstream signaling pathway by binding to G double protein receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), which have engagement in cancer development, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, tumor invasion, and metastases. Previous studies indicated that PGE2 could increase AKT, p70S6K, and S6 phosphorylation and AKT/mTOR pathway via EP2/4 receptors. Measurement of PGE2 concentration in LSCC tissue and cell revealed positive relation between PGE2 and FADS1 expression, thus further confirmed the concept of PGE2 acting as trigger for AKT-mTOR signaling.

Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) acts as target by MicroRNA-193a-5p for regulation on the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious threat to human life and health, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is widely known for its preventive effect on CVDs. Series of researches about illustrating molecular mechanism of how PUFA works on CVDs have aroused a big number of interests. Among those researches, a pair of genes with negative correlation, miRNA(miRNA-193a-5p) and FADS1, were screened to exam if they are the potential factors matter polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis. Dual luciferase reporter assays further confirmed the targeted relationship between miRNA-193a-5p and FADS1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs).

Fig 1. Metabolic disease influenced by balancing pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators via FADS1 (J. Mark Brown et al. 2020)

References:

Yongliang Fan, Abdelaziz Adam Idriss Arbab, Huimin Zhang. (2021) 'MicroRNA-193a-5p Regulates the Synthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Targeting Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1) in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells', Biomolecules, doi: 10.3390/biom11020157.
Rui Zhao, Linli Tian, Bo Zhao. (2020) 'FADS1 promotes the progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma through activating AKT/mTOR signaling', cell death & disease, doi: 10.1038/s41419-5.
Anthony D. Gromovsky, Rebecca C. Schugar, Amanda L. Brown. (2020) 'Fatty Acid Desaturase FADS1 Impacts Metabolic Disease by Balancing Proinflammatory and Proresolving Lipid Mediators', Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.309660.

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