GFP Labelled Newcastle Disease Virus

Newcastle disease virus is an avian paramyxovirus type I of the genus Newcastle disease-like virus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The virus is present in all tissues, organs, body fluids, secretions and excretions of sick birds, with the highest levels of toxins in the brain, spleen and lungs, and the longest duration of toxins in the bone marrow. Newcastle disease virus can enter the body through the digestive tract or respiratory tract, or through the conjunctiva of the eye, injured skin and cloacal mucosa. The virus quickly multiplies at the site of invasion within 24 hours, then enters the blood and spreads throughout the body, causing viremia. At the same time, the virus also causes serious damage to the heart and vascular system, leading to myocardial degeneration and heart failure, thereby causing a high degree of blood circulation disorder. In the respiratory tract, catarrhal inflammation and bleeding mainly occur, causing the trachea to be blocked by exuded mucus, causing severe breathing difficulties. In the later stages of the disease, the virus invades the central nervous system, often causing non-suppurative encephalitis changes, leading to neurological symptoms. GFP is a protein originally derived from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, which emits bright green fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Integration of the GFP gene into the NDV genome has enabled researchers to visually track the virus in living cells and organisms, greatly enhancing our understanding of viral replication, transmission, and pathogenesis. This real-time visualization has helped identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control viral replication and immune evasion. In addition, GFP-tagged NDV is a valuable tool for the development and evaluation of antiviral drugs and vaccines, enabling precise measurement of viral load and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.