NPW

Official Full Name

neuropeptide W

Organism

Homo sapiens

GeneID

283869

Background

The product of this gene is processed into 23- and 30-amino acid neuropeptides that bind and activate two G-protein coupled receptors in the central nervous system. The neuropeptides have been shown to enhance cortisol secretion from adrenal cells through the adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A signaling cascade. The preproprotein is translated using a non-AUG initiation codon that is inferred from analyses of the mouse ortholog. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Synonyms

L8; L8C; PPL8; PPNPW;

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Detailed Information

Neuropeptide W (NPW) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide discovered in 2002, and is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8. NPW receptors exist in the central nervous system and peripheral organelles, and may be involved in the regulation of various physiological functions as neurotransmitters or modulators.

Npw Figure 1. Interaction of neuropeptide W with the intrinsic and extrinsic nerves in the stomach. (Li, H., et al. 2017)

Distribution of NPW

NPW is a new type of hypothalamic neuropeptide. For the first time, the two types of NPW isolated and purified from the porcine hypothalamus contain 23 and 30 amino acid residues, respectively. Therefore, they are named NPW23 and NPW30. The results show that NPW immune response cells exist in the paraventricular nucleus and central amygdala of the hypothalamus, and NPW nerve fibers are widely distributed in the central nervous system, such as the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, posterior cruciate nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, central amygdala, and posterior pituitary, etc., and rat NPW immunopositive neurons are widely distributed in the hypothalamus, while the paraventricular nucleus small cell area is highly expressed.

NPW's Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Metabolism

Injection of NPW23 and NPW30 to free-feeding rats can suppress the food intake during the dark period and the fasting period; while continuous microinjection to NPW23 for one week instead suppresses the reduction of the body mass of the feeding animals. Micro-injection of NPW antibody can increase animal feed intake, increase body temperature, and increase heat production and oxygen consumption. Studies have shown that knocking out the NBPW1 gene can cause mice to overeat and cause adult obesity. NPW is expressed in the nuclei of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral thalamus, and nucleus accumbens. Studies have reported that the expression of NPW in leptin-deficient obb/ob mice and leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice was significantly up-regulated, and after leptin recovery, the expression level of NPW in ob/ob mice returned to normal, suggesting that under the condition of insufficient leptin, NPW plays an important role in regulating food intake and energy metabolism, and has a two-way regulating function.

NPW Adjusts to The Stress Response

Studies have shown that the expression of NPB and NPW can be detected in rat adrenal cells using the RT-PCR method, and it is speculated that it may affect adrenal cortical function through autocrine activities and/or paracrine pathways. Intraventricular injection to the NPW can cause increased levels of prolactin and corticosterone in the blood and lower levels of growth hormone. It has been reported that hyperglucocorticoid and hyperthyroidism can reduce the expression of gastric mucosal NPW mRNA; hypothyroidism increases the expression of NPW in gastric mucosa of rats. It can be inferred that NPW participates in regulating the secretion of glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone through the negative regulation pathway, thereby regulating the function of adrenal gland and thyroid. The expression of NPW in gastric tissue is closely related to the nutritional status, the level of glucocorticoids and the functional status of the thyroid gland. In conclusion, NPW plays an important role in regulating neuroendocrine processes, suggesting that NPW is related to signal transduction of stress response.

References:

Li, H. , Kentish, S. J. , Wittert, G. A. , & Page, A. J. . (2017). The role of neuropeptide w in energy homeostasis. Acta Physiologica.
Scanes Colin G. (2016). Opening a new door: neuropeptide w (NPW) is a novel inhibitory secretagogue for gh and prolactin acting via the gi protein-coupled npbwr2. Endocrinology (9), 9.
Li, Hui, Kentish, Stephen J, Wittert, Gary A, & Page, Amanda J. The role of neuropeptide w in energy homeostasis. Acta Physiologica.

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