Human CD24 Virus-Like Particles

CD24, also known as heat-stable antigen (HSA), is a highly glycosylated, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored, small cell surface protein widely expressed in various tissues, including immune cells, epithelial cells, and neurons. CD24''s function is critical for regulating immune responses, particularly inhibiting phagocytosis by signaling "don''t eat me." It interacts with Siglec-10 (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin) on macrophages, thereby suppressing excessive inflammation and maintaining immune homeostasis. CD24 is also implicated in cancer progression, with its overexpression associated with tumor metastasis and immune evasion. Due to its dual roles in immunology and oncology, CD24 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target.

Human CD24 virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanoscale, non-infectious structures designed to mimic viral morphology but lack viral genetic material. These particles are engineered to display CD24 on their surface, thereby exploiting the immunomodulatory properties of CD24 in a controlled and targeted manner. VLPs are typically produced by expressing viral structural proteins (such as Gag from retroviruses or the capsid protein from hepatitis B virus) in host cells, where they self-assemble into hollow shells. CD24 can be incorporated during assembly or conjugated post-production to ensure high-density presentation. Advantages of CD24 VLPs include enhanced biocompatibility, prolonged circulation time, and the ability to elicit a robust immune response without pathogenicity. Potential applications for CD24 VLPs range from cancer immunotherapy (CD24 VLPs can block tumor-associated immunosuppression) to the treatment of inflammatory diseases by suppressing overactive immune responses. Furthermore, their particulate nature facilitates uptake by antigen-presenting cells, making them ideal for vaccine development.