GFP Labelled Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2

Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV-2) is one of the leading pathogens causing respiratory infections in humans, especially in young children and infants. HPIV-2 belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Respirovirus. Similar to other members of the family Parainfluenzaviridae, HPIV-2 is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus. This virus and its counterparts HPIV-1, HPIV-3, and HPIV-4 can cause a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses. HPIV-2 is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through direct contact with contaminated surfaces and then touching the face. The incubation period for HPIV-2 is usually 2 to 6 days, after which symptoms such as fever, runny nose, cough, and difficulty breathing develop. GFP was originally derived from the Aequorea victoria and emits a bright green light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. By inserting the GFP gene into the HPIV-2 genome, the fluorescence can be used as a marker to monitor the virus. This is achieved through recombinant DNA technology, where the GFP gene is typically inserted downstream of a promoter sequence within the viral genome, ensuring its expression during viral replication. GFP-tagged HPIV-2 provides a powerful tool for a variety of applications. For example, it enables visualization of viral dynamics in living cells and animals using fluorescence microscopy. Researchers can observe how HPIV-2 enters host cells, how it is trafficked within the cell, and how it assembles and buds out of infected cells. These insights are critical for understanding the viral life cycle and pathogenesis.