F2

Official Full Name

coagulation factor II, thrombin

Organism

Homo sapiens

Gene ID

2147

Background

This gene encodes the prothrombin protein (also known as coagulation factor II). This protein is proteolytically cleaved in multiple steps to form the activated serine protease thrombin. The activated thrombin enzyme plays an important role in thrombosis and hemostasis by converting fibrinogen to fibrin during blood clot formation, by stimulating platelet aggregation, and by activating additional coagulation factors. Thrombin also plays a role in cell proliferation, tissue repair, and angiogenesis as well as maintaining vascular integrity during development and postnatal life. Peptides derived from the C-terminus of this protein have antimicrobial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Mutations in this gene lead to various forms of thrombosis and dysprothrombinemia. Rapid increases in cytokine levels following coronavirus infections can dysregulate the coagulation cascade and produce thrombosis, compromised blood supply, and organ failure. [provided by RefSeq, May 2020]

Synonyms

PT; THPH1; RPRGL2

Cat.No.	Product Name	Price
CSC-DC005169	Panoply™ Human F2 Knockdown Stable Cell Line	Inquiry
CSC-SC005169	Panoply™ Human F2 Over-expressing Stable Cell Line	Inquiry
CLOE-2745	Mouse F2 (His) HEK293 Cell Lysate	Inquiry

Cat.No.	Product Name	Price
LV12082L	human F2 (NM_000506) lentivirus particles	Inquiry

Cat.No.	Product Name	Price
SHH288437	shRNA set against Rat F2 (NM_053808.1)	Inquiry
SHH288429	shRNA set against Human F2 (NM_003950.2)	Inquiry
SHH288433	shRNA set against Mouse F2 (NM_007975.3)	Inquiry
SHW005116	shRNA set against Chicken F2 (NM_204605)	Inquiry
SHW018452	shRNA set against Danio rerio F2 (NM_213390)	Inquiry

Cat.No.	Product Name	Price
CDCR248558	Mouse F2 ORF Clone(NM_010168.2)	Inquiry
CDFR012148	Rat F2 cDNA Clone(NM_022924.2)	Inquiry
MiUTR1M-04534	F2 miRNA 3'UTR clone	Inquiry
MiUTR1R-01797	F2 miRNA 3'UTR clone	Inquiry
MiUTR3H-01916	F2 miRNA 3'UTR clone	Inquiry
CDCB166591	Chicken F2 ORF Clone (NM_204605)	Inquiry
CDCB179927	Danio rerio F2 ORF Clone (NM_213390)	Inquiry
CDCB181153	Rabbit F2 ORF clone (XM_002709082.2)	Inquiry
CDCL184136	Human F2 ORF clone(NM_000506.3)	Inquiry
CDCL184137	Mouse F2 ORF clone(NM_011613.3)	Inquiry
CDCR379195	Rat F2 ORF Clone(NM_022924.2)	Inquiry
CDCS405705	Human F2 ORF Clone (BC051332)	Inquiry

Cat.No.	Product Name	Price
CC-487	F2 Easy KO Kit	Inquiry

Detailed Information

Functions & Recent Research Progress

Functions

F2, also known as prothrombin or coagulation factor II, is an important component of the coagulation cascade in which it converts fibrinogen to fibrin, activates coagulation factors V, VII, VIII, XIII and forms complexes with protein C and thrombomodulin. It also activates platelets and regulates the behavior of additional cells through protease-activated receptors (PARs).As a plasma serine protease, thrombin is synthesized as a 622 amino acid precursor with a 24 amino acid signal peptide and a 19 residue pro peptide. The mature chain can be further processed into several forms including those designated as alpha-, beta- and gamma-thrombin.

Figure 1.Activation system (Yahui Chen,2015)

Most studies suggest that patients with mild hepatitis and chronic hepatitis have normal or mild decline in coagulation factor II activity; patients with moderate, severe, and cirrhosis of chronic hepatitis have significantly decreased levels of coagulation factor II activity, indicating a reduction in hepatocytes. The degree of damage is closely related.

Recent Research

F2, or prothrombin, is a vitamin K-dependent proenzyme that functions in the blood coagulation cascade. Inherited factor II deficiency is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder affecting both genders: clinical bleeding can vary widely in homozygous individuals, and heterozygotes often remain clinically asymptomatic.

Additionally, the innate immune system is the first line of defence against infection and is responsible for the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which are important for the activation of acquired immune responses. F2 is an important factor in the coagulation system and is involved in recognition and interaction with various bacterial and extracellular proteins. In this study, scientists analyzed the expression of F2 in various tissues after pathogen challenge. The full-length F2 cDNA contains a 1854 bp open reading frame encoding 617 amino acids. Alignment analysis revealed that the gamma-carboxyglutamate-rich domain of the deduced protein, the two tricyclic domains and the trypsin-like serine protease domain are very conserved. F2 is ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, but is primarily detected in the liver and skin. Interestingly, F2 has agglutinating activity against E. coli and E. coli, but no agglutination effect on Vibrio ordalii and S.iniae. These findings indicate that F2 exerts immune function in immune responses and may be involved in innate immunity and blood clotting.

References:

Imane S, et al. Congenital factor II deficiency: Moroccan cases. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 2012.
Kwang-Min Choi, et al. F2 from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus): First report on the molecular biological function and expression analysis in the teleost. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2016, 145-153.

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