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Maize (Zea mays L.), as one of the world's top three staple crops, plays a vital role not only in food production but also as a key source of feed, bioenergy, and industrial raw materials. Facing challenges such as population growth, climate change, pest and disease pressures, and limited arable land, the ability to rapidly develop maize varieties with high yield, superior quality, and strong stress resistance has become a central focus in modern agriculture and crop breeding. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, with its stable gene integration, low copy number, and minimal genomic disruption, has become a core methodology in functional genomics research, trait improvement, and gene-editing applications in maize.
However, as a monocot plant, maize is naturally less susceptible to Agrobacterium, and its transformation efficiency is strongly genotype-dependent. Many inbred lines and elite breeding materials show low transformation rates with conventional methods. Creative Biogene's plant transformation platform has the capacity to conduct transformations for various inbred and hybrid maize lines, including but not limited to B104, B114, LH244, A188, A634, H99, W117, Y423, PHR03, Mo17, and Hi-II.
Figure1. Agrobacterium-mediated maize (Hi-II) transformation
Based on extensive technical experience, Creative Biogene has systematically optimized each critical step of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process—from strain selection, explant preparation, infection conditions, and chemical additives, to selection and regeneration protocols. This comprehensive system ensures stable and reproducible results for our clients.
Maize transformation efficiency is influenced by biological and experimental factors. Through long-term experimental accumulation, Creative Biogene has studied the effects of each factor and developed corresponding optimization strategies:
| Key Factor | Common Issue | Optimization Strategy |
| Genotype Dependence | Many elite inbred lines show low transformation efficiency | Apply morphogenic genes (BBM, WUS2, GRF-GIF) synergistically to enhance regeneration capacity |
| Explant | Sensitivity varies with developmental stage | Provide high-quality immature embryos (1.5–2.0 mm) year-round |
| Agrobacterium Strain | Infection capacity varies among strains | Use high-efficiency strains such as EHA105 and optimize as needed |
| Infection Conditions | Low T-DNA transfer efficiency | Adjust bacterial density, infection time, and temperature; combine with short-term heat shock. |
| Chemical Additives | Insufficient transfer and integration | Add acetosyringone (AS), lipoic acid, Silwet-70, etc., to promote infection. |
| Selection Pressure | High concentrations inhibit callus regeneration. | Use a delayed selection strategy: low pressure initially, high pressure later. |
| Co-Culture Environment | Tissue browning and necrosis | Add antioxidants, control light, and humidity |
These optimizations enable the high-efficiency transformation of commonly used lines, such as B104, B73, BR249, and C01, while customized strategies can be developed for difficult-to-transform genotypes.
Creative Biogene provides a full-service workflow for Agrobacterium-mediated maize transformation, covering every step from vector construction to seed delivery:
| Service Type | Service Content | Deliverables | Timeline | Price |
| Standard Transformation | Introduction of exogenous genes and plant regeneration | ≥10 independent positive T0 seeds | 8–10 months (positive seedlings delivered in 3–5 months) | Inquiry |
| Complete CRISPR Service | Target design, vector construction, transformation, and validation | ≥5 positive T0 seeds + sequencing report | 8–10 months | Inquiry |
| Precision Editing | ABE/CBE/PE base editing | ≥5 positive T0 seeds + sequencing report | Same as above | Inquiry |
| Expression Regulation | Overexpression, RNAi, amiRNA, etc. | Customized | Customized | Inquiry |
Workflow Steps
1Material receipt and verification
2Experimental design and vector construction
3Explant preparation and Agrobacterium infection
4Co-cultivation and selection
5Plant regeneration and transplantation
6Molecular detection and identification
7Mature seed harvesting and delivery
Platform Advantages
Year-round explant supply
Multiple planting locations and greenhouse systems ensure a continuous supply of high-quality materials.
Experienced technical team
Average of 3+ years in plant transformation, with over 10,000 vectors successfully transformed.
High editing efficiency
Multi-gene editing efficiency can reach up to 80%.
Cross-crop technology transfer
Optimization experience from soybean, tobacco, and tomato systems applied to maize.
Applications
This technology can be widely applied in:
Creative Biogene is committed to providing high-quality, reliable maize transformation services tailored to your research and breeding needs. Our team is ready to discuss project requirements, provide technical support, and help accelerate your maize research and breeding programs.
Related Service
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Plant-based Protein Production Service
Construction of Plant Expression Vector
Maize Embryo Transient Transformation by Particle Bombardment Protocol
Q1: Can transformation be performed directly with seeds of specific inbred lines? Can customers provide their vectors?
We first evaluate the genotype characteristics and, if needed, introduce morphogenic genes and delayed selection strategies to overcome genotype barriers and ensure positive plants. Customer-provided, fully constructed maize transformation vectors can enter the transformation workflow after quality verification. If required, we also provide end-to-end vector construction services from target design to assembly.
Q2: Can multiple genes be edited in a single experiment? Are the delivered seeds genetically stable?
Our system fully supports multi-target CRISPR vectors, allowing simultaneous editing of multiple genes in a single transformation. Under optimized conditions, editing efficiency can exceed 80%, greatly improving experimental throughput. T0 plants undergo mutation detection, and T1 stability verification is conducted when feasible to ensure trait heritability and genotype stability.
Q3: Will transformed plants contain residual Agrobacterium?
Our tissue culture and detection system ensures that regenerated plants are free of viable Agrobacterium, meeting all safety requirements for downstream research and breeding applications.
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